Many marketers find keyword research difficult, but it doesn’t have to be! Columnist Janet Driscoll Miller shares her process for finding the right keywords, mapping those keywords to the right content and measuring their effectiveness.

I often teach classes on SEO, and I start my presentations off by talking about keywords. When it comes to organic search, keywords form the foundation of all of our SEO efforts. What search queries do we want our websites to show up for in search results? Everything in SEO really ties back to this fundamental pillar.

The importance of effective keyword research is certainly not lost on marketers. In a November 2016 survey, Ascend2 found that keyword research was one of the top SEO tactics, but more than a third of respondents indicated that it was a difficult task:

Keyword research doesn’t have to be difficult, though. Keywords are simply the words and phrases that our buyers are likely to use when trying to find our products and services. We just need to put ourselves in the mind of our customers and prospects — and that starts with personas.

Tying keywords to personas

Personas often contain both demographic and psychographic information. They tell us everything from gender to geographic location to extracurricular activities. To start building personas to understand your prospects better, it’s helpful to start with people who have already purchased your product or service. So, what do your current customers look like?

Pull your customer list. What are the titles, ages, industries and geographic locations of your current customers? Some data is directly available in the customer record. For example, if you sell running shoes online, you likely have your customers’ shipping addresses and ZIP codes. Which geographic areas perform best for you?

To understand customers beyond the customer data you collect, try incorporating data from social media platforms. For example, if you sell business services, look at your customers’ LinkedIn profiles. These are all public profiles rich with information. Are there patterns you see here? What experience level, degree and department are listed on their profiles?

Also try uploading your customer list to Facebook’s Audience Insights tool. What characteristics does Facebook know about your audience?

Once you know more about your audience, you can begin to put yourself in their place. What types of keywords would this audience need to search to find your product?

Map the keywords to the buying cycle

Don’t rely on only broad or only very specific keywords and phrases. Instead, consider the buyer’s journey when developing keywords. When someone is just starting the journey, searches and questions the person will ask may be broader in nature, but the searches and questions become more specific as the buyer gets closer to purchase. Let’s use the example of running shoes. When I’m starting my comparison shopping, my queries might be:

• Running shoes for women
• Best running shoes for women
• Navy blue running shoes

At this point, I’m in the Awareness phase — I’m becoming aware of what options exist for my basic criteria.

As I move through the buyer’s journey and begin to become aware of options and brands, my searches will likely become more specific, looking perhaps for special features, like:

• Long distance women’s running shoes
• Asics vs. New Balance running shoes
• Asics Kayano running shoes
• Compare Asics running shoes

I’m now in the Comparison phase — comparing various brands and their features to determine which particular shoe is the best for me.

Finally, I may get very specific as I settle in on a specific shoe that I want:

• Asics women’s GT-1000 4 running shoes midnight

Now I’m in the purchase phase. I know exactly which shoe I want. I’ve got a very specific search — down to the color and model.

Ideally, you’ll want a combination of keywords from all stages of the buying cycle so that you can attract and convert customers through organic search.

Finding keywords

But how do you know what keywords are appropriate at various buying cycle stages? Imagine you’re a customer starting your search from the awareness phase. What questions are you likely to have? Find keywords that reflect questions and answers that prospective customers are likely to ask.

Google Suggest is a great place to begin mining these potential leads for keywords. For example, using the Keyword Tool Dominator, I can see Google Suggest queries that show up around a term like “women’s running shoes”:

From the list on the left, I found keywords and added to the list on the right to narrow down some selections. Some questions I can see forming from these keywords based on what searchers are entering:

• Where can I buy running shoes?
• What are the best rated running shoes?
• What are the best running shoes for my knees?
• Which running shoes have the best ankle support?
• Which running shoes have the best arch support?
• Which running shoes can I also use for hiking?

There are many different keyword research tools available, so find several you like to create your keyword list. You can also refer to the keywords that convert best in your paid search accounts. If you know that those keywords are converting in paid search, also optimize them in organic search.

Mapping keywords to content

Now that we know which questions people are asking, and we’ve found keywords to match those queries, we need to map those keywords to content on our site that answers those questions. This may mean creating new content on your site as well.

For example, let’s take the question about combo running/hiking shoes. We can write a blog post on the site’s blog about shoes that are suitable for running and hiking. Perhaps you could do a field test — show the shoes in action. How did they hold up? And from that blog post, you can link to the product pages for readers that want to purchase those shoes.

Measuring keyword effectiveness

After all of this keyword work, you may wonder how you can track the effectiveness of each keyword in your organic search efforts. This is where it gets tricky — you can’t really accurately track the keyword organically as well as you might like.

Within the past several years, Google and Bing both made a decision to encrypt searches, meaning that this data is no longer passed on to analytics platforms like Google Analytics. Instead, you’ll see a lot of keywords showing up as “(not provided).”

Using any data in the Google Analytics report as a basis for keyword development or measurement will be highly inaccurate, since such a high percentage of these organic keywords are not shown. In my case, nearly 94 percent of my organic keyword data from last month was hidden:

Google Search Console data can be helpful in many ways, and it does show a list of actual queries searchers used to find your site, where you are ranked, click-through rate and more. However, Russ Jones wrote a great piece about the reliability of Google Search Console data. In that piece he made two fantastic points to remember:

1. The organic search data you see in Google Search Console is only a sample of all of the data, and we don’t know exactly what percentage of the data comprises that sample.
2. This data is an average taken over a time period. While you may have ranked highly on a term a month ago, you may not today. But the average may make the data appear that you are somewhere in the middle of where you ranked then and where you rank now (i.e., the mean or perhaps the median).

So what should you do? When I teach SEO, I often recommend only using one keyword or phrase per page to really focus on that topic on the page. If you keep track of which pages contain specific keywords, use analytics data to track organic traffic improvements to that page over time. Is organic traffic increasing? Your goal is to increase traffic to increase conversions, so if you’re successful driving more organic traffic to that page, you’re on your way — and keyword research, along with content editing, likely helped influence that.

Keywords don’t have to be difficult. They play an important role in driving organic traffic and ultimately conversion, so spend some time really delving into your keywords and mapping them to the buying cycle. You may have to undertake keyword research fairly regularly as well, depending on how often your products and service change.